References Library
Every module's pivotal trials, FDA labels, guidelines, and mechanistic reviews — indexed, searchable, and tier-graded. Use this as your citation source when discussing peptides with patients or colleagues.
Tier 1 · Pivotal / regulatory · 19
- World Anti-Doping Code Prohibited List 2025WADA · 2025
GHRPs, GHRH analogs, and most secretagogues are S2 prohibited at all times.
- Medications containing semaglutide marketed for type 2 diabetes or weight lossU.S. FDA Drug Safety Communication · 2024
- Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with T2D (FLOW)Perkovic V. et al. · NEJM · 2024
- WADA Monitoring Program (BPC-157 included)World Anti-Doping Agency · 2024
BPC-157 is not explicitly named on the Prohibited List but is monitored; in-competition use falls under S0 (non-approved substances).
- Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without DiabetesLincoff AM. et al. (SELECT) · New England Journal of Medicine · 2023
- Category 2 list — bulk drug substances under 503A (includes ipamorelin, CJC-1295, BPC-157)FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee · 2023
- Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1)Jastreboff AM. et al. · NEJM · 2022RCTM04
- ANDAs for Certain Highly Purified Synthetic Peptide Drug Products That Refer to Listed Drugs of rDNA OriginFDA Guidance for Industry · 2021
- Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1)Wilding JPH. et al. · NEJM · 2021RCTM03
- CDER/CBER classification: peptides ≤40 aa regulated as drugsU.S. FDA Federal Register Notice · 2020
- Evaluation and Treatment of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency: Endocrine Society GuidelineMolitch ME. et al. · JCEM · 2011GuidelineM05
Tier 2 · Peer-reviewed clinical · 13
- Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide — Literature and Patent ReviewJózwiak M, Bauer M, Kamysz W, Kleczkowska P. · Pharmaceuticals 2025;18(2):185 · 2025
Comprehensive 2025 mechanism + patent + safety review; primary source for module 06 deep-dive.
- Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — Phase 2Jastreboff AM. et al. · NEJM · 2023
- Daily Oral Orforglipron in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes — Phase 2Frias JP. et al. · NEJM · 2023
- Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directionsWang L. et al. · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · 2022
- Preclinical safety evaluation of body protective compound-157, a potential drug for treating various woundsXu C, Sun L, Ren F, et al. · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 114:104665 · 2020
GLP toxicology in Sprague-Dawley rats and beagle dogs — single-dose IM up to 20 mg/kg (rat) / 10 mg/kg (dog) and 28-day repeat dosing; no overt toxicity.
Mechanism / preclinicalM06 - The discovery and development of liraglutide and semaglutideKnudsen LB, Lau J. · Frontiers in Endocrinology · 2019
- Somatostatin analogs in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumorsStueven AK. et al. · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2019ReviewM11
- Cerebrolysin and Recovery After Stroke (CARS): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Multicenter TrialMuresanu DF. et al. · Stroke · 2016RCTM13
- Discovery of the once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue semaglutideLau J. et al. · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · 2015
- Phase I safety and pharmacokinetics of BPC-157 in healthy volunteers (n=42) — withdrawnClinicalTrials.gov NCT02637284 · 2015
Trial started 2015; submission of results cancelled in 2016. The only registered human BPC-157 study.
RCTM06 - Prolonged stimulation of GH and IGF-I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GHRH, in healthy adultsTeichman SL. et al. · JCEM · 2006RCTM05
Tier 3 · Mechanistic / preclinical · 15
- Pharmacokinetics of BPC 157 in rats and beagle dogs (single & repeat IM/IV)He L. et al. · Regulatory toxicology / PK report cited in Józwiak 2025 · 2022
Reference 61 in Józwiak 2025: IM bioavailability 14–19% rat / 45–51% dog, t½ < 30 min, low BBB penetration, six peptide metabolites with proline as major.
Mechanism / preclinicalM06 - Brain–gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157Sikiric P. et al. · Current Neuropharmacology · 2018
Most BPC-157 literature originates from a single research group.
ReviewM06 - BPC157 as potential agent rescuing from cancer cachexiaKang EA, Han YM, An JM, et al. · Curr Pharm Des 24:1947-1956 · 2018
C26 colon-adenocarcinoma cachexia mouse model — improved body weight and reduced IL-6/TNF-α; tumor volume not significantly reduced.
Mechanism / preclinicalM06 - GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin RegenerationPickart L, Margolina A. · BioMed Research International · 2018ReviewM07
- Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulationHsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, et al. · J Mol Med 95:323-333 · 2017
Endothelial cell + rat hindlimb ischemia model; mechanistic basis for VEGFR-2 claim and theoretical oncologic concern.
Mechanism / preclinicalM06 - Topical Peptide Treatments with Effective Anti-Aging ResultsSchagen SK. · Cosmetics · 2017
- The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasisLee C. et al. · Cell Metabolism · 2015Mechanism / preclinicalM08
- The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healingChang CH. et al. · Journal of Applied Physiology · 2014Mechanism / preclinicalM06
- Semax, an analog of ACTH(4–10): pharmacological properties and clinical applicationsKolomin T. et al. · Current Drug Metabolism · 2013ReviewM13
- Thymosin β4: Structure, function, and biological propertiesGoldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK · Annals NY Acad Sci · 2012ReviewM06
- Changes in moles linked to use of unlicensed 'sun tan jab'Langan EA. et al. · BMJ · 2009
- Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 effective against serotonin syndrome in ratsBoban-Blagaic A, Blagaic V, Mirt M, et al. · Eur J Pharmacol 512:173-179 · 2005
Counters 5-HT2A-mediated features (hyperthermia, wet-dog shakes); not 5-HT1A-mediated effects.
Mechanism / preclinicalM06 - Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR miceAnisimov VN. et al. · Biogerontology · 2003
Mouse data; no rigorous human trials.
Mechanism / preclinicalM15 - Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitusBanting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, Campbell WR, Fletcher AA · Canadian Medical Association Journal · 1922